Th
Thorium
العنصر 90 · 232.038 u
Thorium is a radioactive actinide being researched as a potential nuclear fuel.
Physical Properties
| الكتلة الذرية | 232.038 u |
| الكثافة | 11.72 g/cm³ |
| Melting Point | 2115.0 K |
| نقطة الغليان | 5061.0 K |
| المظهر | Silvery, often with black tarnish |
| State at Room Temp | Solid |
الخواص الكيميائية
| السالبية الكهربائية | 1.3 (Pauling) |
| طاقة التأين الأولى | 587.0 kJ/mol |
| القرب الإلكتروني | 112.72 kJ/mol |
| Oxidation States | +2, +3, +4 |
الخصائص الذرية
| تشكيل الإلكترون | [Rn] 6d2 7s2 |
| نصف قطر الذرة | 180.0 pm |
| Van der Waals Radius | 237.0 pm |
اكتشاف
| اكتشفها | Jons Jacob Berzelius |
| سنة الاكتشاف | 1829 |
| الموقع | Stockholm, Sweden |
| Named After | Thor, the Norse god of thunder |
عن Thorium
Thorium is three times more abundant than uranium. Thorium reactors produce less long-lived waste and cannot melt down. Gas mantles for camping lanterns were historically made with thorium oxide.
Uses & Applications
Potential nuclear fuel, gas lantern mantles, high-temperature ceramics, welding electrodes, and aerospace alloys.
حقيقة مضحكة
Thorium reactors cannot melt down and produce waste dangerous for hundreds rather than thousands of years.
النظائر
| Mass Number | الوفرة | نصف العمر | Stable |
| 228 | - | 1.9116 years | No |
| 230 | - | 75,380 years | No |
| 232 | 1.0% | 14.05 billion years | No |
تشكيل الإلكترون
[Rn] 6d2 7s2