Pb
Lead is a dense, toxic heavy metal used since ancient times despite known health hazards.
Physical Properties
| الكتلة الذرية | 207.2 u |
| الكثافة | 11.342 g/cm³ |
| Melting Point | 600.61 K |
| نقطة الغليان | 2022.0 K |
| المظهر | Bluish-gray metallic |
| State at Room Temp | Solid |
الخواص الكيميائية
| السالبية الكهربائية | 2.33 (Pauling) |
| طاقة التأين الأولى | 715.6 kJ/mol |
| القرب الإلكتروني | 35.1 kJ/mol |
| Oxidation States | -4, +2, +4 |
الخصائص الذرية
| تشكيل الإلكترون | [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p2 |
| نصف قطر الذرة | 175.0 pm |
| نصف قطر التكافؤ | 146.0 pm |
| Van der Waals Radius | 202.0 pm |
اكتشاف
| اكتشفها | Known since antiquity |
| الموقع | Various (Middle East) |
| Named After | Anglo-Saxon 'lead'; symbol Pb from Latin 'plumbum' |
عن Lead
Lead is a heavy, soft, malleable metal used for over 6,000 years. It is toxic, causing nervous system damage. Removing lead from gasoline and paint has been a major public health achievement.
Uses & Applications
Lead-acid batteries, radiation shielding, ammunition, and construction.
حقيقة مضحكة
Some historians believe widespread lead poisoning from water pipes contributed to the decline of the Roman Empire.
النظائر
| Mass Number | الوفرة | نصف العمر | Stable |
| 206 | 0.241% | - | Yes |
| 207 | 0.221% | - | Yes |
| 208 | 0.524% | - | Yes |
تشكيل الإلكترون
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p2